Advertising and Experience Design Strategies Assignment

Advertising and Experience Design Strategies - Assignment Example Pepsi and Coca-Cola are both brand names for the most popular beverage drinks global soft drink enterprises operating within the beverage industry. The two companies have one thing in common; quenching the thirst of their target consumers and selling non-alcoholic beverages. Despite the two companies read on the same page as pertains to the use of young fellows in order to meet the promotional needs, Pepsi has steadily remained on a pathway that contrasts whatever Coke has been following. Overall, has been much into the use of emotional approach to fulfill in order to promote its products whereas Pepsi has stuck to music and entertainment. These two companies have used different marketing approaches. The basic marketing matrix has been integrated to include advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and direct marketing. The two products have been targeting the young generation in their adverts and slogans. The packaging of each product is set in a manner likely to attract the target market. Coca cola has maintained the red and white colours with the iconic font type on the name. Pepsi has white and red stripes with the name written in blue in the background. Coca Cola Company has gone a step further of identifying with other food products mainly chips (Bhasin, 2013). As much as the differences are distinct, many consumers lean towards the coca cola drink. Coca-Cola and Pepsi both used their official websites in the promotion of the recent products Coca-Cola Life and Pepsi true respectively. Interestingly, the promotional messages learnt in either case reflected the environmental market trends that the companies had learnt. One approach that surrounded the promotion of the two aforementioned products was the use of email-oriented newsletters to aid in customer registration. Mittal & Kamakura, (2013) posits that IMC

Plant Growing Lamp Presentation Essay Example for Free

Plant Growing Lamp Presentation Essay Good morning, everybody. Thank you for coming to my short presentation today. Let me introduce myself first. I’m Chris Wong, a medical assistant of Willis Health Centre. I’m very glad today to present to you our team’s proposed product, Dino, a plant growing lamp. My presentation will be covered into three parts. I’ll, first of all, introduce to you the background information about our environment. Next, I’ll explain our proposed product, Dino. Finally, I’ll outline some problems that our team concerned about. Afterwards, there will be a question and answer session. Right, let me start with the background about our environment. In fewer years, do you feel the weather is unexpected? Do you think this is terrible? Do you know why? Let me talk you. Nowadays, human do lots of things to damage our environment is caused the bigger problem, global warming. That why the weather is unexpected. They use lots to things to release the greenhouse gas. It is global issue because the effects are very important. That why we developed this plant growing lamp. Fine, I’ll now explain our proposed Dino. To start with, let’s look at the aesthetic value. This lamp can come with different pattern and color. Most important is it will have some seed inside the lamp. You can choose the pattern and color to match your home design and your home will be more modern. After the plant grows up, it also can offer fresh air. You will have a wonderful environment in the house because it can be a pretty decoration. Now, let’s turn to the user’s needs. The lamp has deep penetrating infrared light. Do you feel tired after a whole working? It can help you to relief pain and stimulate blood circulation. You feel more relax after using Dino. It really can bring you a health benefits. So much for the user’s need and the aesthetic. Let’s now look at the benefits for our company image. As you know, our company directions are focusing on health and environment. I think the health benefits of the user are already to promote our images. For the environment, the lamp is using a bio-degradable material. It is less damaged to our environment and it is very eco-friendly since Dino is also using the recyclable material.

Hamlet, A Boy In The World Of Men :: essays research papers

Hamlet, A Boy In The World of Men "Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light." Dylan Thomas Dylan Thomas recited his struggle in letting his father go so that he could continue on in life to become a whole person. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet a young prince is devastated by the death of his father, and he experiences the same dilemma. He lingers in the midst of his world before the tragic loss. He is a child who has been sheltered from life, lacking the experiences that are necessary in order for a boy to become a man. He loves Ophelia, his sweetheart who has also been sheltered, and remains a child who is incapable of thinking for herself. Hamlet and Ophelia have been robbed of their role-models; Ophelia’s mother and Hamlet’s father; who were needed to teach these children the ways of life, and they are forced by fate to grow up and perform as adults before they are given the chance to make mistakes as children do and to learn form these life lessons. Hamlet and Ophelia want fulfillment from each-other, but they were never given the tools they would need to become mature human beings. They toy with each-other, because they d o not have the capacity to communicate as adults. Hamlet Ay, truly, for the power of beauty will sooner transform honesty from what it is to a bawd than the force of honesty can translate beauty into his likeness. This was sometimes a paradox, but now the time gives it proof. I did love you once. Ophelia Indeed, my lord, you made me believe so. Hamlet You should not have believed me, for virtue cannot so inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you not. Hamlet is angry with his mother, who has married his uncle Claudius, his father’s brother. Prince Hamlet is led by his friends to his father’s ghost, who tells him that he was murdered by his own brother, Claudius. The ghost asks Hamlet to kill Claudius. Young Hamlet must decide whether to avenge his father’s death, by murdering his uncle, thus inheriting his rightful place as king; or to allow God to take the actions to determine the fate of evil. This decision is one that Hamlet questions as a child, who has been abandoned by his father, before he was able to inherit his birthright; his father’s wisdom.

Outsiders: S. E. Hinton and Hero

A hero is someone who has given his or her life to something bigger than oneself. Anyone can become a hero through perseverance from any point in society. Ponyboy is part of a crowd who are like criminals known as the Greasers, who are poor and live on the east side of town. The Greasers are a gang that have Ponyboy, Soda, Steve, Johnny, Dally, Darry, and Two-bit Matthews. The Greasers are hated by the Socs, the Socials, who are the west side rich kids in the town.In the novel The Outsiders, by S. E.  Hinton, Ponyboy, the main character, and his family of Greasers rise above a life of poverty, stealing, and criminal action to help others, proving that anyone, no matter the obstacle, can become a hero. There are many heroes in the greaser gang and they didn’t start out this way. The greasers were known for robbing, gang fights, stealing, and driving old souped-up cars, your basic hoods. It all starts when Ponyboy gets jumped by the Socs, who are intent on beating Ponyboy to a pulp, when Darry, Ponyboy’s brother, intervenes and saves him.This is a very noble act by Darry, who could have easily been beaten up badly himself, because he stood up for Ponyboy when no one else would. Darry shows a sense of responsiblity and sympathy for others, especially for family, that a hero characterizes. This is also true when he takes care of his brothers after their parents died so they wouldn’t end up in a home for boys. Moreover, Ponyboy, Dally, and the other greasers become heroes when they all run into the burning building to save the children from the fire.The reasons why they became heroes is because they chose to save the kids no matter the cost, even if it put their lives in danger. The selflessness that all of the Greasers display when they ran into that building show that they value the well being of others over themselves. This is a key quality of all heroes, making the Greasers more than just a small time criminal gang. Johnny is a hero becaus e the incredible selflessness he displayed saving the children from the burning building.Johnny sacrificed, got burned, and died just to save the kids and Ponyboy. Everything that Johnny did was very selfless and had good value behind each of his actions. These heroic qualities are embodied by Johnny, showing that anyone can become a hero, even if your a basic hood rat. Additionally, Johnny was very brave when he was forced to kill Bob before Bob could drown Ponyboy. Johnny heroically killed Bob to save his friend from being murdered because it was the only way to ensure Ponyboy’s safety.It takes a special kind of person to be able to act at the right moment in the defense of others, and Johnny is that valiant person. It is important to be a hero when you can, the world can use more heroes and society always needs a good role model. A hero is someone who has devoted his or her life to something more than their individual wellbeing. Anyone can become a hero through perseveranc e from any point in society. In the novel The Outsiders, by S. E. Hinton, Ponyboy, the main character, and his family of Greasers rise above a life of poverty, stealing, and criminal action to help others, proving that anyone, no matter the obstacle, can become a hero.To be a hero in Ponyboy’s life is astonishing, because he is part of a gang that steals and is poor. When he ran into the church to save the kids, he demonstrated how brave one can be, and he might have died from it. Ponyboy evolved from a life as a criminal to a life as a hero. This means that anyone can be a hero, no matter the life they used to lead.

Cement Lifecycle Review

Life Cycle Review of Cement and Concrete Manufacturing Table of Contents Introduction3 Concrete Overview3 Life Cycle Stages4 Portland Cement4 Raw Material Extraction5 Crushing Process5 Kiln Processing6 Clinker Cooling and Storage7 Clinker Grinding7 Packaging and Shipping7 Concrete Processing8 Recycling and Landfill8 Environmental Considerations Throughout Life Stages9 Inputs: Consumption9 Outputs: Waste10 Air Quality and Pollution11 Land Quality and Biodiversity12 Alternative Suggestions in Minimizing Environmental Impact13Solutions for Minimising Ecological Footprint13 Solutions for Improving Air Quality13 Solutions for Minimising Land Degradation14 References15 Introduction A life-cycle assessment (LCA), as described by the US Environmental Protection Agency, is â€Å"a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a products life from cradle-to-grave†(USPA 2010). Therefore, an assessment of a product’s life cycle endeavors to analyze its existence from raw material extraction, to manufacturing, through to disposal.This report will not provide adequate data for the purpose of undertaking an LCA, however, it is aimed at â€Å"thinking† about the life cycle, and collecting information from past LCA studies to undertake a report on concrete production, particularly focusing on the life-cycle of cement, a critical component of concrete. Therefore, the following â€Å"life cycle thinking† review will endeavor to utilize previous LCA studies in order gain an insight about the major environmental impacts throughout each lifestage, chiefly centering on cement manufacturing.Correspondingly, it will also discuss alternative strategies of delivering cement and concrete as a building material with fewer environmental impacts. Concrete Overview Concrete is a multifaceted construction material, which is assembled mainly from cement, water and aggregate (Reding et al 1977). Concrete is one of the most durable buildin g materials, which allows it to exhibit many functions, including; precast elements, underwater construction, infrastructure formation and residential housing.In view of the fact that the life cycle stages and environmental impacts differ between manufacturing for each function concrete withholds, this report will focus on concretes function as a building material for residential housing and apartments (Anonymous 2012). Concrete is labeled one of the most durable building materials; therefore concrete structures withhold an elongated service life (Reding et al 1977. As a result of this, concrete is the most extensively used construction material in the world and has contributed momentously to the built environment throughout history. Life Cycle StagesIn a straightforward description, as mentioned above, concrete consists of three basic components, including cement, aggregates and water. Although there are various cement blends used for different purposes, this lifecycle review will focus particularly on Portland cement manufacturing, which is frequently utilized for industrial purposes (Anonymous 2012). In observing a life cycle of concrete manufacturing, the production of cement generally takes place separately, which is then transported to the selected building location, where water and aggregates are added to bind all components into one homogenous material – concrete (Anonymous 2012).Although there are obviously procedures in obtaining the water and aggregate for concrete production, the life-cycle discussed in this report will focus primarily on Portland Cement production (Reding et al 1977). Portland Cement The major raw materials extracted for cement production include limestone, sand, shale and clay. These feedstock ingredients provide calcium carbonate, alumina, silica and ferric oxide, which are critical elements of cement (Anonymous 2012). Figure 1: Proportion of cement components (CCAA 2010) Raw Material ExtractionThe initial stage of Portla nd cement production is the extraction of the raw materials by either quarrying or mining (Anonymous 2012). This withholds an adverse risk to land quality, potentially effecting fauna and flora within close proximity. Quarrying and mining are undertaken by operations such as drilling, blasting, excavating, handling, loading, hauling, and crushing (Reding et al 1977). The fragmented material, which can reach meters in length, is then transported via dump trucks to the cement plant, which is generally located nearby (Anonymous 2012). Crushing ProcessWhen transferred to the plant, the rock material is fed through a primary crusher, which breaks it down into smaller pieces up to six inches in size (Anonymous 2012). Subsequently, the rock is then transported via a conveyor to the secondary crushing stage, which accordingly, crushes the rock down to sizes of three inches or less. Following these essential crushing processes, all raw material undergoes a mixing and grinding process, where additional silica and iron may be added (Anonymous 2012). Within this stage, particulate emissions are profoundly emitted into the atmosphere.The mixing process can either be wet or dry, depending on the plant, however, the Cement Industry Federation states in their most recent Environmental Report that wet process plants in Australia now only account for less then 15% of total production, as wet processes have momentous water consumption (CIF 2010). In the instance of a wet mixing and grinding process, large impact dryers completely dry out the materials whilst grinding is undertaken, however if a wet process is embarked on, water is added during the grinding process which turns the mix into the form of a â€Å"slurry† (Anonymous 2012).Kiln Processing This process involves the slurry or the finely ground dry material to be fed into a high-temperature, cylindrical rotary kiln, heated to about 2700 degrees F (Anonymous 2012). Kilns are mounted with the axis slightly inclined f rom the horizontal and can reach up to 180m long, with a six meter diameter, thus it can take up to two hours for the material to travel through. The upper end of the kiln provides the entrance for the material, whereas the lower end comprises a roaring blast of flame, fueled by either coal or natural gas.During this process, any water contained in a â€Å"slurry† mix is lost through evaporation (Reding et al 1977). Ultimately, as the mixture travels through the kiln, it transforms both physically and chemically into grey pebble-like substances called clinker (Anonymous 2012). During kiln processing, particulate and GHG emissions are released. This stage also consumes the most energy, as fossil fuels are incinerated to provide extreme heat. Clinker Cooling and StorageThe clinker is expelled from the lower end of the kiln and is then transported onto a conveyer through a cooling system where large fans and water are utilized to cool the temperature (Anonymous 2012). The United Kingdom Environmental Agency state in their Environmental Performance Evaluation, that the vast majority of cement plants around the world now transfer the heated air from the coolers back towards the kiln as a means of saving fuel (UKEA 2010).Once the clinker is cooled, it is deposited into a storage area where it awaits until it is required for it’s final stage of grinding. Clinker Grinding The clinker is finally transported via a conveyor to its final crushing stage and is ground into a fine powder. This is carried out by steering the product through rotating tube mills with rolling crushers, which grind the cement into a fine powder. During this stage, other materials conveying analogous characteristics are added.Gypsum is also combined with the mix, as it assists in regulating the setting time of the final concrete product (Anonymous 2012). The continuous rolling assists in distributing the materials and gypsum throughout the cement evenly, and also separates the cement particles according to size (Reding et al 1977) . The material that has not been ground to the adequate size is deflected through the system again, however the final product is guided to the final storage silo (Anonymous 2012). Packaging and ShippingThe final product is either mechanically or hydraulically hauled out from its storage silo and is either packaged in paper sacks or supplied in bulk where it is then transported via truck, rail car or ship to the location of utilization (Anonymous 2012). Transportation must still be taken into consideration in contributing to the manufacturing air emissions. Concrete Processing Once transported to the building location, the addition of water to the cementitious material forms a thick cement paste, through the method of hydration (Anonymous 2012).Both fine and course aggregates; consisting of natural gravel, sand and soft stone are also commonly added to the cement paste, to create bulk and a strong, high resistant concrete (CCAA 2010). Aggregates are granular materials such as sand, gravel or crushed stone, which are usually dredged from a river, lake, pit or seabed (CCAA 2010). Prior to combining the aggregate in the cement, it undergoes a washing process to remove any unwanted silt, dust, clay or organic matter that could potentially interfere with the bonding reaction with the cement (Cement Industry Australia 2003).Similarly to the cement manufacture process, the aggregate is also sorted into different granular sizes (Anonymous 2012). This is undertaken by passing the material through a screen containing different size openings. Once arranged into adequate sizing, the aggregate is transported to the building site where it congregates with the cement (CCAA 2010). Thorough combining of cement, water and aggregate is crucial for the invention of high quality, uniform concrete, therefore equipment and methods such as cement trucks and on site mixers are utilized (CCAA 2010).Once all the constituents are thoroughly combined, it is molded or positioned as anticipated and then left to harden. Recycling and Landfill When a concrete building structure reaches the end of it’s life, either recycling or landfill is an option (CCAA 2010). The process of demolition of a concrete structure involves pulling it down either mechanically or manually through the utilization of excavators or bulldozers (Chen et al 2010). Larger buildings however, may require more powerful equipment.Following, the shattered concrete fragments are either transported by trucks to landfills for disposal or collected from the annihilation site and transported to a crushing facility, where it is fed through a crushing machine to be broken down and used for aggregate of new concrete (Cement Australia 2003). In conjunction with quarries, landfills also hold significant environmental consequences, as it can destroy or alter species habitat. Environmental Considerations Throughout Life Stages Inputs: ConsumptionThe Cement Indus try Federation (CIF) states in their 2003 environmental report, that the cement manufacturing process is extremely energy and resource intensive, therefore, it withholds a significant environmental footprint (CIF 2003). As displayed in the life-cycle diagram (figure 2), raw materials, energy and in some instances water, are the chief inputs associated with the manufacturing process, therefore, their consumption levels are predominantly to blame for the industries heightened environmental footprint (Anonymous 2012).Cement Australia (2010) states that on average, water utilization of a modern dry cement plant is between one hundred to two hundred litres per tonne of clinker produced (Cement Australia 2010). This water consumption is primarily used for cooling heavy equipment and exhaust gas. Although this appears quite high, Chen et al (2010) mentions that it is a dramatic improvement from earlier, yet still subsisting wet process cement plants (Chen et al 2010). The addition of water in cement to create the final product of concrete also consumes a large quantity of water.Similarly, the cement industry is highly energy intensive, especially during the kiln life stage (CIF 2003). Generally, cement plants today use natural gas, heavy oil and coal for fuel (Chen et al 2010). However, as coal accounts for almost 40 per cent of manufacturing costs, the utilization of fossil fuels in cement production has decreased since 1990 and has been partly substituted by alternative fuels (CIF 2003). The impact the high consumption of fossil fuels possesses on the environment is accelerated greenhouse releasement into the atmosphere, thus contributing to global warming (Chen et al 2010).Therefore, environmental consideration of adequate selection of alternative fuels is crucial in minimizing the environmental footprint. Outputs: Waste Furthermore, the outputs within each life stage also exhibit environmental issues throughout the entire cycle, from resource extraction through t o landfill (Chen et al 2010). The outputs fluctuate and vary between atmospheric emissions, waterbourne wastes, solid wastes and other co-product releases (CIF 2003).These outputs, in conjunction with the reasonably high input consumption, are the causes of the evident impacts the industry posses on the environment. Lemay & Leed (2011), mention in a broad perspective that air emissions leading to climate change, resource depletion, water consumption, ecotoxicity, eutrophocation, human health criteria, habitat alteration, smog formation and acidification are the main documented impacts that occur throughout the cement manufacturing process, whether it be instant or over time (Lemay & Leed 2011).Although there is clearly a vast array of impacts associated with cement manufacturing and concrete assembly, the impact on air quality and land quality appear to be considered by numerous LCAs to be a vital issue associated with manufacture, therefore they will be analyzed in more thorough de tail. Air Quality and Pollution Air pollution is highly likely to occur throughout each life stage of cement production, whether it is a result of fuel combustion or particulates from raw and finished materials (CIF 2003).Eco Tech (2011) mentions in its Cement Industry Report, that the uttermost crucial impacts associated with air pollution include; hydrocarbons and particulates which posses a threat to human health and environmental quality, and greenhouse gas emissions accelerating climate change (EcoTech 2011). In relation to Greenhouse gas emissions, Chen et al (2010) scrutinized in his Cement Plant Evaluation, that different Portland cement plants around the world is under close inspection these days because of the large volumes of CO2 emitted (Chen et al 2010).The report also continues to address that almost one tonne of CO2 is released for every one tonne of cement produced in the industry, which appears to be momentous considering in the year 2010, the world produced approxi mately 3. 6 billion tonnes of cement (Rosenwald 2011). Contrary to greenhouse gas emissions, dust emissions are at their highest peak at the initial quarrying stage and the final building demolition stage, as a result of forceful blasting and obliterating (Chen et al 2010).Other sources of dust emissions, however, are raw mills, kilns/ clinker coolers and cement mills. The Cement Industry Federation (2003) states that transportation of raw materials from the quarry to the site and stockpiles of raw materials contribute significantly to dust emissions (CIF 2003). Overall, the dust emissions released throughout the different life stages impact momentously on air quality, thus it threatens human health and overall environmental quality. Dust is the most common and extensive air pollutant from a quarry (CIF 2010).It has different origins in a quarry site such as mechanical handling operations that include crushing and grading process; haulage with which is related to the vehicle, and th e nature and condition of the way; blasting; additional manufacturing operations and wind blow from paved areas, stockpiles (Chen et al 2010) . Land Quality and Biodiversity The central issue of cement production upon land quality comes from quarrying, atmospheric deposition, disposal of wastes and storage of raw material (CIF 2003).These issues, predominantly atmospheric deposition, arise from merely every life stage of cement manufacturing; therefore it is an issue that must be taken into great consideration (Chen et al 2010). Quarrying and landfill have both direct and indirect environmental impacts on land and its surrounding biodiversity (Chen et al 2010). The direct impacts include habitat destruction thus biodiversity loss, dust inhalation and noise from rock drilling and blasting (CIF 2010). Subsequently, the effects of cement works on habitats are difficult to quantify, however the potential harm is much greater in vulnerable areas.The US Environmental Protection Agency (20 02), states in their report that two large operating cement plants in England are located on the edge of National Parks, therefore site selection must be considered in depth prior to implementation (USEA 2002). On the other hand, indirect impacts can potentially cause different catastrophes such as landslides and flashfloods in and around quarry sites (Chen et al 2010) . Furthermore, dust particulate has physical effects on plants, such as damage and blockage to the leaf surface, which may lead to death if photosynthesis is unable to occur (Chen et al 2010).Chemical effects on the other hand, can potentially produce changes in soil chemistry, which ultimately leads to changes in the long term associated with plant chemistry alterations, species competition and community structure (CIF 2010). Dust particulates from quarrying and wastes also affect waterways, as supplementary sedimentation may cause nearby reservoirs to dry out or flood (Chen et al 2010) . Alternative Suggestions in M inimizing Environmental Impact Solutions for Minimising Ecological FootprintDue to the significant amount of energy consumed in cement manufacturing, the cement industry has considerably focused over a long period on escalating plant efficiency and decreasing energy consumption. Cement Australia (2010) affirms that the Australia Cement Industry has seen a 23% decrease in CO2 emissions in the period between 1990-2009 (Cement Australia 2010). Although this is a significant decrease, further methods could potentially be utilized to further cutback consumption. Firstly, energy could be more efficiently recycled and transferred within the plant system.For example, excess heat from the clinker cooler being transferred back to the kiln stage to prevent energy waste should be implemented in all modern cement plants (Lemay & Leed 2011). Secondly, alternative fuels should be enhanced, especially in clinker manufacture. Alternative fuels may include items such as tyres, oils and tarrow. Soluti ons for Improving Air Quality As mentioned earlier, air emissions for GHG release has improved over the last decade as a result of utilization of alternative fuels.This however, has the potential to be further improved, therefore complete replacement of fossil fuels to alternative fuels could potentially take place to completely eradicate GHG releasement (Lemay & Leed 2011). In addition, the Cement Industry Federation (2010) asserts that improvement techniques for dust collection such as baghouse dust collectors has also been implemented over the past century (CIF 2010). Although there have been improvements, likewise, the potential for further development still remains. Perhaps aspects of the layout design could be improved, as a means of stockpile design and transportation throughout the system.Containment of conveyors could be implemented and perhaps pipelines, which substitute transport to and from the quarry to the plant, could be considered to prevent particulate emissions bei ng released (Lemay & Leed 2011). In addition, the moistening of the raw material throughout the crushing stages via sprays could also potentially to instigated to minimize dust release (CIF 2010). Filters and collectors could also be applied within each stage so the dust gathered can be sent through to the kiln for clinker production Solutions for Minimising Land DegradationUnfortunately quarrying and landfill in any form will impact on land quality, however methods such as buffer zones between workings and alternative habitats for defined species could be considered in an attempt to conserve biodiversity within or around the sites (Lemay & Leed 2011). Rehabilitation programs to restore once existing biodiversity on site could also be considered when the quarry material is completely exploited. Additionally, as displayed in the life cycle review, recycling of the final concrete material is an option as opposed to landfill.Perhaps the promotion of further cement and concrete recyclin g could be considered to avoid the amount of quarrying required. This would also minimize the amount of product discarded into landfill, thus retaining natural habitat. References Abdul-Wahab S. 2006. â€Å"Impact of fugitive dust emissions from cement plants on nearby communities†. Ecological Modelling. Vol: 195. Issue: 3-4. Page 338-348. Anonymous. 2012. â€Å"How Portland Cement is Made†. Portland Cement Association. Available: www. cement. org/basics/howmade. asp. (Last Accessed 7/10/12) Cement Australia. 2010. Environmental Performance†. Cement Australia. Available: www. cementaustralia. com. au/wps/wcm/connect/website/cement/home/sustainable-development/environmental-performance (Last Accessed 10/10/12) Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia (CCAA). 2010. â€Å"Sustainable Concrete Materials†. CCAA. Available: www. concrete. net. au/sustainability/documents/documents2. pdf. (Last Accessed 7/10/12) Chen C, Habert G, Bouzidi Y, Jullie A. 2010.  "Environmental impact of cement production: detail of the different processes nd cement plant variability evaluation†. Journal of Cleaner Production.Vol: 18. Issue: 5. Page 478-485 Lemay L, Leed A. 2011. â€Å" Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Buildings†. Concrete Sustainability Report. Available: www. nrmca. org/sustainability/CSRO4%20-%Life%20Cycle%20Assessment%20Concrete. pdf (Last Accessed 10/10/12 Nisbet M. 1996. â€Å"The Reduction of Resource Input and Emissions Achieved by Addition of Limestone to Portland Cement† Research and Development Information. Portland Cement Association. Canada Obajana Cement Project. 2005. â€Å"Social and Environmental Impact Assessment† Obajana Cement Project. Available: www. jaspers. uropa. eu/attachments/pipeline/1191_social_eia_en. pdf (Last Accessed 10/10/12) Park L, Tae S, Kim T. 2012. â€Å"Life Cycle CO2 Assessment of Concrete by Compressive Strength on Construction Site in Korea† Renewable and Sustainabl e Energy Reviews. Vol: 16. Issue: 5. Pages 2940 – 2946. Reding J, Muehlberg P, Shepherd B. 1977. â€Å"Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use† The Cement Industry. Chapter 21. Available: http://www. inece. org/mmcourse/chapt6. pdf. (Last Accessed 7/10/12) Rosenwald M. 2011. â€Å"Building a Better World with Green Cement†. Science and Nature.Available: http://www. smithsonianmag. com/science-nature/Building-a-Better-World-With-Green-Cement. html (Last Accessed 10/10/12) The Energy Conservation Center (ECC). 1994. â€Å"Output of a Seminar on Energy Conservation in Cement Industry†. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO). Available: www. unido. org/fileadmin/import/userfiles/puffk/cement. pdf. (Last Accessed 10/10/12) US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2010. â€Å"Defining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). US Environmental Protection Agency. Available: www. gdrc. org/uem/lca/ (Last Accessed 11/10/12)

Concept of Consumer Society in Modern Society

Concept of Consumer Society in Modern Society Key Concepts Living in the modern world people live in the consumer society. To get a closer understanding of the notion ‘consumer society’, people should pay attention to the life style they follow. Having a lot of different goods at the market, people consume those and buy more and more other goods. One of the main characteristic features of a consumer society is that while consuming different products people do not do it independently, in vacuum. People are inevitable participants of the consumer society, as buying products they want to buy more and more other related or dependant ones. For example, when people buy a toothbrush, they are unable to use it isolated from other objects, they need toothpaste to get the highest effect from the bought product. The same is about other products, buying some goods, people always want to buy more. Ideology Ideology is a notion which may refer to different spheres of human life. One of the broadest meanings of this notion is the way people think. Ideology is not just the ideas people have in their minds in the relation to one specific problem. Ideology is a set of rules and norms people live with. People should not confuse ideology and culture as these are two absolutely different notions. Culture is an objective notion which just exists in the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Consumer Society in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culture is created out of traditions which have been formulating for many years. Ideology is a personal subjective treatment of the surrounding world, the attitude to each other and the desire to show a piece of a picture as a whole. Ideology tends to make complex notions simple. Propaganda is one of the sides of ideology, as its main idea is the conviction of other people that his way of thinking is the only correct. Semiotics Semiotics is a notion which is aimed at exploring diffe rent signs and symbols. One of the best practical applications of semiotics is the creation of different planned or constructed languages. Living in the modern world, it is impossible to imagine contemporary life without computers. Programming languages are an inevitable part of any computer program and software. Being divided into different branches, semiotics studies different qualities of sign systems, the relation between signs and symbols and their meaning, the connection between symbols their interpretation. Speech and language are the main objects of research in semiotics. Envy, Desire and Belonging in Advertising Envy, desire and belonging in advertising are the notions which can exist only in the consumer society. When people watch advertising they want what they see. The feeling of desire may be provoked by a number of reasons. It is not a problem when people want what they see because they need it, advertisement just helps them choose a brand. The problem appears when peo ple want to buy a product because they envy those who possess it. This is called an advertising belonging. No matter whether people need this product or not, they will surely buy it as their desire to possess the thing others have is too big. All these notions, envy, desire and belonging in advertising are closely related. To become free from advertising belonging, people should either stop envy those who has an opportunity to belong a specific product or should enclose themselves from the desire to buy it. Essay Introduction There are a number of different definitions of mass culture, and depending on the stress the author makes in his/her definition, this notion have either positive or negative connotation. Having referred a contemporary culture to both mass and popular, it is possible to compare and contrast these two different opinions.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the one hand, â€Å"mass culture is not and can never be good† (Macdonald 43), on the other hand, being mass, â€Å"popular culture is linked, for so long, to questions or tradition, of traditional form of life† (Hall 442). Thus, identifying the notion of contemporary culture, we have faced the problem whether to consider it as a positive or a negative issue. To answer the question whether mass and popular cultures are the elements of contemporary culture and whether they are identified as positive or negative phenomena, we are going to consider different opinions and key arguments offer by the following thinkers, Stuart Hall, F.R. Levis, Dwight Macdonald, and Raymond Williams. â€Å"Mass Culture Is not and Can Never Be Good† Having stated this idea, Macdonald strictly supports it with the arguments. He is sure that a culture is something individual, which is created by and provided for a human being. Mass use of culture eliminates the very idea of indiv iduality that makes this notion lose its primary meaning. The following idea is used in support, â€Å"a large quantity of people [are] unable to express themselves as human beings because they are related to one another neither as individuals nor as members of communities – indeed, they are not related to each other at all, but only as something distant, abstract, nonhuman†( Macdonald 43). Looking at the problem from this angle, it is possible to agree with Macdonald, but to investigate the truth, it is important to check the meaning of the word ‘culture’ to make sure that the author considers it in a proper way. Reading an essay by Raymond Williams who tries to explore the origin and etymology of the words ‘culture’ and ‘mass’, many different definitions of the word ‘culture’ was identified. But, there was not mentioned that culture means individual expression or a possession to a specific human being. Moreover, Ray mond underlines that the variations of whatever kind of the word ’culture’ â€Å"necessarily involve alternative views of the activities, relationships, and processes which this complex word indicates† (Raymond 28). Thus, the word culture does not mean a specific characteristic of one particular person, it is a set of issues which characterizes a group of people. The Benefits of Mass Culture According to Hall, popular culture has a positive connotation as it reflects traditions people have. To make the discussion clear, popular culture is a mass culture, as â€Å"the things are said to be ‘popular’ because masses of people listen to them, buy them, read them, consume them, and seem to enjoy them to the full† (Hall 446). The main idea of this opinion is that if the culture is mass and people like it, it is popular and there is no need to speak about negative connotation of mass culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Consumer Society in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But, Levis tries to contradict this point of view by means of providing some negative effect of such mass popular culture. It is not a secret that culture changes. The changes which occur in the society may be too fast and people may not even notice those, but, if too look at the problem broadly, it can be easily noticed that parents are unable to understand their children, â€Å"generations find it hard to adjust themselves to each other, and parents are helpless to deal with their children† (Levis 34). Thus, the generations which are so close have different cultures. The inability to have an individual or at least family culture leads to misunderstanding and conflicts. Hall can contradict this opinion stating that it is not the culture which changes and makes people become different, it is the change in the relationships. Culture changes when a specific tradition becomes dominant over another one. He states that â€Å"almost all cultural forms will be contradictory in this sense, composed of antagonistic and unstable elements† (Hall 449). Contemporary Culture as Mass and Popular One: Personal Opinion Having considered an opinion of different thinkers on the problem devoted to culture and its essence, I came to the conclusion that contemporary culture is a mass popular culture which denotes the present ideology of people. Thus, I definitely disagree with Macdonald and his point of view that â€Å"mass culture is not and can never be good† (Macdonald 43). The problem of likes and having a personal opinion appears in the frames of this issue. Living in the age of mass entertainment, some people still manage to appreciate high and avant-garde culture. So, it may be concluded that popular culture in the contemporary world is more than just an opinion of the vast majority of people, being interesting to a limited group of p eople, a specific culture may be popular as well. It is not the opinion of a separate individual, so it is also mass. Being in demand among a group of people, it is considered to be popular and mass. Mass in this meaning may denote something revolutionary and opposite (Williams 32). Turning to the personal opinion, I mostly agree with Hall who states that popular culture is a mass one which expresses the ideas of people who consume the cultural products. Culture should be and is referred to the tradition. It can be even stated that culture and tradition are interconnected notions which should always come together. Still, I also agree with Levis, who highlights that culture is in crisis now (34), thus it is impossible to discuss this problem.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One may state that culture and tradition are not related as there are numerous directions in the modern culture of one specific nation. A close consideration of this problem allows us state that the culture of one specific nation is changing by means of influence and domination of different streams, but still, there is always something traditional in ach new trend which makes this very culture related to the national tradition of people. Conclusion In conclusion, contemporary culture is both mass and popular as the characteristic features of these notions coincide with the understanding of the modern culture. I strongly believe that culture should be connected with traditions as only in this way each nations will remain particular and unique. Cultural and traditional features are the most characteristic for describing different nations. Hall, Stuart. â€Å"Notes on deconstructing ‘the popular.† Cultural theory and popular culture: a reader. Ed. John Storey. Upper Saddl e River, NJ: Pearson, 1998. 442-453. Print. Levis, F.R. â€Å"Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture.† Popular culture: a reader. Eds. Raiford Guins, and Omayra Zaragoza Cruz. New York: SAGE, 2005. 33-38. Print. Macdonald, Dwight. â€Å"A theory of mass culture.† Popular culture: a reader. Eds. Raiford Guins, and Omayra Zaragoza Cruz. New York: SAGE, 2005. 39-46. Print. Williams, Raymond. â€Å"’Culture’ and ‘Masses’.† Popular culture: a reader. Eds. Raiford Guins, and Omayra Zaragoza Cruz. New York: SAGE, 2005. 25-32. Print.

3-Year Marketing Plan Essay Example

3 3-Year Marketing Plan Essay 3-Year Marketing Plan Essay Introduction In order that we continue our company’s fiscal growing. we need to ramify out into new merchandise lines. A survey was performed to see our entryway into the favored supply market. We have developed a new individual merchandise for that intent. It is a Cordless Automatic Nail Trimmer for Canis familiariss and cats. The findings of this survey are in this presentation. Our Numberss are conservative. The possible for success is high. We are Company G are ever looking frontward to happen and implement new lines that will complement our Mission statement. and our bottom line. This is our following chance introduces Company G and the merchandise or merchandise line that you are composing this selling program about. Mission Statement We enable consumers to better the quality and convenience of their lives by supplying advanced electronics solutions. Product Description and Classification The Cordless Automatic Nail Trimmer for Dogs and cats will be our first entry into the universe of pets. This merchandise uses a detector to happen the quick ( the package of nervousnesss and blood vass ) on a pets nail. so adjusts to a topographic point merely below it. It trims the nail. rotates to the following nail. and repeats the procedure. until paring each nail on the paw. Simply take the paw. and go on on each paw until done. Our pruner will avoid the hurting of cutting the speedy with hemorrhage. It will non do uncomfortableness for the animate being associated heat construct up from electric nail pruners. This merchandise will let anyone from novitiate to professional to pare a Canis familiaris or cats nails to flawlessness. Rather than doing an assignment. traveling to the local pet groomer. paying $ 7 to $ 25 ( before tip ) . or large box. a favored proprietor can pare their pet’s nails at place. If the proprietor would instead hold the nails done. they can hold t heir groomer use our tool. giving the pet proprietor peace of head. cognizing their pet will non endure any hurting. Consumer Product Classification Consumer Factors Planing clip involved in purchase Purchase frequence Importance of convenient location Comparison of monetary value and quality Considerable Infrequent Important Considerable Shopping Merchandises Forte Merchandises Shopping Merchandises Shopping Merchandises Marketing Mix Factors Monetary value Importance of seller’s image Distribution channel length Number of gross revenues mercantile establishments Promotion Relatively high Very of import Relatively short Few Personal merchandising and advertisement by manufacturer and marketer Shopping Merchandises Shopping Merchandises Shopping Merchandises Shopping Merchandises Shopping Merchandises Target Market The mark market is between the ages of 30 and 45 with busy lives. looking to salvage clip and money. Their incomes would be greater than $ 60K. This will include professionals. every bit good as working twosomes. We will aim both bing Canis familiaris or cat proprietors. every bit good as new entrants to pet ownership. Competitive Situation Analysis Analysis of Competition utilizing Porter’s 5 Forces Model Competitive Competition Today are no direct rivals. We are come ining an bing market. with a wholly new engineering. The cupboard competition is the electric pruner. produced by Dremel Tools and Oster Company. These merchandises do Not hold the characteristics we have. They do non compare in experience. There is no menace at this clip. Menace from New Entrants We have the menace from two outside entrants to make a knock off version of our automatic nail pruner. The two companies that could try to come in the market are Dremel Tools and Oster Company. The menace to us is medium for a few grounds. We will patent our pruner. which means that they will hold to get down with our merchandise. and so develop alterations. to avoid patent violation. Both companies’ current merchandises use a different sort of engineering. They are bombers and do non hold any speedy sensing apparatus’ . While Dremel Tools has been in the favored paring market for some clip. they merely modified the bomber used for woodworking and other trade undertakings. This would be a going from their nucleus competence. This is the lone venture by Oster Company. They a comparatively new to the market. It isn’t likely that they will set more R and D dollars into a 2nd favored merchandise at this clip. Menace from Buyers There is no menace to us from purchasers. Pets must hold their nails trimmed on a regular footing. or they can endure hurting and / or wellness issue. The proprietors of these pets are responsible to keep their pets’ nails. With the add-on of our safe. dependable. easy to utilize merchandise added to the market. purchasers have all of the options they could desire. At our monetary value point. they would non see making a similar merchandise. It is an infrequent purchase for them. We will besides set up a web log site to give our clients an chance to assist us find if they desire any extra characteristics. Menace from Suppliers There is really small menace to us from our two providers. Vendor A is providing us with the heat-sensing constituent to our pruner. The device they are bring forthing for us helps to spread out their bottom terminal line of heat detectors. This represents a 10 per centum add-on to their offering. The chief clients for Vendor A is the Armed forces. who buy heat detection devices for aeroplanes. armored combat vehicles. and vision goggles for land military personnels. They do non hold the substructure to construct a merchandise such as ours. They would non take on the capital disbursal to come in this type of fabrication. They do non hold any retail. on-line. distribution experience. or presence. Vendor B who supplies us with the chromium steel steel blades are in a similar state of affairs. Their chief client is the medical. surgical industry. Vendor B makers high terminal surgical blades. knives. every bit good as blades for men’s razor blades. Our merchandise represents a ne w merchandise in between in quality. It is non important plenty for Vendor B to get down an wholly new type of merchandise for them Menace from Substitutes In the current market. there are menaces from replacements. Peoples non utilizing our merchandise can utilize manual nail limiters. bombers. or pay person else to pare their pets’ nails. The menace to us does non be. All pet proprietors are presently utilizing one of these locales today. With the quality. easiness of usage. clip and money nest eggs. and inhuman treatment free facet of our pruner. virtually cipher will return to these replacements. SWOT Analysis Before we risk our net incomes or our trade name value. we took a critical expression both internally. and externally. The purpose is to see how we can leverage the positives. better on our failings and fix for outside menaces. Here are the findings. STRENGTHS *indicates nucleus competence Fiscal health* Efficient fabrication Brand Reputation* Failing Lack of preparation Lack of Distribution web Never advertised pet merchandises Opportunity Pet ownership on steady rise Personal clip on lessening Economy is increasing expendable income Menace Possible newer engineering Economic downswing Heat detector supply issue Strengths Fiscal wellness is one of our nucleus competences. We have a really low debt-to-equity ratio. combined with a recognition evaluation. This gives us the flexibleness to make initial stock list and cover the typical start-up costs related to a new merchandise line. Brand repute. another nucleus competence. means that we are already in the places of many of our targeted clients. They know we produce high quality. good designed. merchandises. Our trade name is a sure name nationally. Efficient fabrication is another of our strengths. It allows up to bring forth our goods at a lower entire cost compared with rivals. We run our production lines rapidly. with small waste. or re-work. This helps for dependable batch production. and really few quality / defects issues in the field. Failings Lack of preparation for our production line associates is a possible issue. Production will be slower. hazards choice conformity. and will be more per unit compared to our established lines. Lack of advertisement relationships within the pet market is another failing. We do non publicize at all aimed at pet proprietors. We do non understand what the costs are. compared to our other merchandise lines. We will non be able to roll up the new lines publicizing with our other lines. for a volume price reduction. Our gross revenues force is non equipped to show our new merchandise line. We will necessitate to higher trainers. and new gross revenues people that are specializers specific to the new line. Opportunities The economic system is on an upward tendency. As rewards increase. so does expendable income. This allows people to buy pets. supplies. and services. This applies for either new or bing pets in the family. Personal clip is on the lessening. Wage earners are passing more clip working. Parents are passing more clip driving their school-aged kids to athleticss. music lessons. and dance categories. etc. These parents will besides go to the events environing the activities. Taking Fido to the groomer and picking him up subsequently is another clip feeder. Bing able to pare nails effortlessly. in your ain place. on your ain agenda has a good trade of entreaty. Pet ownership is on the rise. In 2013. there were 82. 5 million pet proprietors in the United States. This figure is expected to lift to 92 million by 2018. In 2013 $ 4. 4 billion dollars were spend on training and embarkation. In 2014 gross revenues rose to $ 4. 7 billion. a 7 % addition. This is a growing industry. Menaces Economic downswing could go a possible menace. As expendable income dwindles. pet proprietors could potentially buy less expensive nail pruners. They could besides take to travel to a groomer. but do so less frequently as a money rescuer. A supply issue could endanger our ability to bring forth our merchandise. A deficit of the heat detectors could go an issue. If our seller chooses to increase the monetary value of the detectors could go an issue every bit good. cut downing our border to an unacceptable degree. Development of a newer engineering is a menace. A rival. on a new company could get down doing the following coevals of automatic pruners. Dependant on the characteristics. or monetary value. we could lose market portion. Market Aims Product Objective Sell 100K units by 12/31/2016. Price Objective Achieve a net income of $ 500K by 12/31/2016. Topographic point Objective Have our merchandise on the shelves of 2 national ironss. and in 200 independent retail pet supply shops by 9/15/2015. Have an online presence by 9/1/2015. Promotion Objective Our aim is to hold 250K hits on you-tube presentation by 1/1/2016 and 100K hits on our web site particular to the new merchandise line by 6/1/2016. Selling Schemes This subdivision will present you to the peculiar schemes. which will guarantee that we achieve our aims. You will happen them good thought out and comprehensive. We took the necessary clip to be confident that they are inter-related and logical. utilizing old tactics which have been successful here at Company G. Merchandise Schemes Boxing – use our sure XG logo and recognized manner of packaging. Great Warranty – offering a biennial guarantee. this is better than current electric pruners in the market. This is in line with our guarantee for other merchandise lines in our mixture. Dedicated Help Line – have a 24/7 aid line specific to this merchandise line. It will give advice. reply inquiries. and take attention of issues that arise for clients. Monetary value Schemes Market Pricing – Planing pricing of $ 89. 99. Good Footings – we will give 2 % net 30 yearss pricing to our distributors. Ad Allowances – $ 5 per unit sold for preapproved advertisement runs. We will necessitate cogent evidence of gross revenues and give recognition within 30 yearss of run terminal date/ Place Strategies Retail Stores – 2 National concatenation shops and 200 local pet shops based on their gross revenues. Web presence – We will sell through Amazon. com. every bit good as on our web site. Quick transporting – We are traveling to utilize Amazon’s distribution Centers to transport to retail shops and straight to clients. This will be the most efficient usage of our finished goods stock list. Promotion Schemes Personal merchandising – We will supply presentations at Canis familiaris shows. Social media – We will hold a You-tube presence. and a Face book presence. Discount / Donation – We will give clients a $ 5 price reduction and donate $ 5 to the Humane Society for the first 50K units sold. Explanation of Schemes These schemes are a combination of attacks. We are traveling to utilize our strong trade name name and acknowledgment to take advantage to the consumers’ trust. If they compare our merchandise to Dremel or Oster’s pruner. they will see we give them a superior guarantee. We will acquire our merchandise in forepart of 1000000s of possible clients at Canis familiaris shows. There are dog shows of assorted types go oning every hebdomad across the United States. The retail merchants that we target will acquire good fiscal footings. along with our strong trade name name. Our you-tube presentation will turn out to clients merely how easy and safe our pruner is. We will besides appeal to the good nature of pet proprietors will our contribution to the Humane Society. Tacticss and Action Plan In order to guarantee our success we need to set specific tactics in topographic point. They need a due day of the month and responsible party. so anyone in the procedure can see if we are adhering to our timeline. We know whom to inquire about any given maneuver every bit good.

Writing to Parents Around the World

Writing to Parents Around the World Families around the world, whether they are in New York City, London, or Mumbai, look to parenting magazines for tips on everything from discipline to fun events. As a freelancer, these publications offer numerous opportunities to earn extra income and expand your audience. Writing for parenting magazines outside the United States is similar to writing for American publications, but with a few caveats. This article shows you what to keep in mind. First of all, where can you find these markets? Start with a Google search. Type keywords such as parenting magazines, as well as whatever country youre interested in working in. Stick to publications that publish in a language youre proficient in. Im a monolingual English speaker, so I prefer to deal with publications in that language. One problem with dealing with publications that dont speak your language is that the barrier can lead to miscommunication. When youre negotiating a contract, you dont want a publication that doesnt understand English-language terms such as kill fee and pays on acceptance. Once you find a publication you want to work for, study the website, paying special attention to the list of editors. Many magazine websites have the email addresses of editors. Whenever possible, approach the managing or associate editor with your pitch. The larger magazines list editors on their websites, but some smaller publications only have a general email address or contact form. In this case, contact the publication at the general address and inquire about which editor accepts article queries. Be willing to wait a couple of days for a response. In some cases, you might have to make an international call to verify editor information. Find the phone number on the publication website. Use timeanddate.com to find the local time. Always call your publication during its business hours, even if its a seven or eight-hour difference from your location. After you find the appropriate editor for your pitch, start writing your article proposal. Remember one thing though – youre writing not to fellow Americans, but to cultures with different biases and expectations. Being culturally insensitive is the fastest way to kill your potential assignment before its born. Some countries are very conservative when it comes to gender roles, while other countries frown on articles that glorify violence. In other words, your article on sex education may fly in Western Europe but not in the Middle East. Your nostalgic piece on cap guns may not be acceptable in a country with strict gun-control laws. One good site to get an overview on cultural etiquette is ediplomat.com. This website was originally meant for American diplomats in foreign countries, but its also good for tourists in general and writers. It takes some special skills to crack international parenting markets. But in the end, the extra work brings in a higher income and a larger audience for your work. Here are five international parenting publications for American freelance writers: ParentsCanada.com Country: Canada Website: www.parentscanada.com Editor: Janice Biehn Email: janiceb@parentscanada.com The Green Parent Country: United Kingdom Website: www.thegreenparent.co.uk Editor: Melissa Corkhill Email: features@thegreenparent.co.uk Absolutely Mama Country: United Kingdom Website: www.absolutely-mama.co.uk Editor: Helen Baron Email: helen.baron@zest-media.com Mother, Ba Country: United Arab Emirates Website: www.motherba Print edition editor: Dina Maaty Email: dina.maaty@cpimediagroup.com Online editor: Emma Hodgson Email: emma.hodgson@cpimediagroup.com Essential Ba Country: Australia Website: www.essentialba Editor: Melanie Mahoney Email: mmahoney@fairfaxmedia.com.au

Travel Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Travel Trade - Essay Example The confidential information regarding his profession is also exposed. Though several technological steps have already been taken to track the lost device but future can only say how far such technological adoptions have been effective. The domain of data security mainly focuses over protection of data both at the personal and professional arena. On one hand the information technology boom has contributed in a great way by helping an individual receive access to the required data, but there is also a high chance that utilization of such information will happen in a wrong manner. Both for law makers as well as administrators, it is becoming increasingly tough to put a stop over the ongoing process of data exploitation. While reflecting over the pervasiveness of such breach of data security, American Bar Association has reflected, â€Å"Every week brings another headline decrying the latest large scale data compromise. Payment card accounts, social security numbers, and even medical records, all are fundamental building blocks used by malicious hackers to facilitate identity and financial fraud.† (American Bar Association, 2008, p.1) However, as the modern organizations have become conscious about incidents of such unwanted intrusions in their database, those also have come up with different defense mechanisms. Though such steps have not been able to stop the incidents of data exploitation entirely, they have made the task a lot tougher for the hackers. Execution of such task becomes easy for them if they avail access to the confidential information through such lost or stolen devices while a person is traveling. Thus, the travel tourism industry is facing one of the major challenges regarding security of a traveler in the way of facilitating data security. The greatest barriers before tourism industry to provide complete data security to the travelers are the casual approach towards protecting their personal information and lack of enough care

Womens participation levels in sport and physical activity and how it Literature review

Womens participation levels in sport and physical activity and how it is affected - Literature review Example This paper intends to discuss the participation of women in sports and physical activities. Reasons for why it is affected will also be provided (Alexander 2006, p 24). Recent studies and statistics have proven that the number of women participating in sports and physical activities is low as compared to that of men. Participation is the process of being involved physically in an activity, or being a person who takes part in an activity physically. In a study done, in Australia, on women and men to see the level of their participation in sports and physical activities, the results showed that out of the total population, only 38.7% of the women participated in sports, while 65% of the men participated in sports. However, studies show that today, as compared to the previous years more women are participating in sports (Festle 2007, p 32). There are various reasons why women did not participate in sports in the previous years, for example, lack of time. Women were expected to remain home and take care of their children and home (Festle 2007, 16). For example, a woman would wake up in the morning, prepare her husband for work and start taking care of house chores and the children. These activities denied the women time to spare to do things they enjoy, like sports. Another reason why women did not participate in sports or physical activities was because of the expectations the society had put on them. Women did not take part in sports since it was seen as an activity that only men should participate in, but not women. A woman seen taking part in these activities was seen as a disgrace to the family and society at large, since it was considered masculine (Sportsscotland 2008, p 29). Lack of income was another excuse given for women not participating in sports. Women were not allowed to go out and work; men were expected to work and provide for their families; thus, it was rare for a woman to have money to spend (Joli,

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING - Essay Example â€Å"The terms depreciation and amortization have various meanings in finance and investing. For example, depreciation can refer to the devaluation of a currency, and amortization can be used to describe the payment structure in a common type of loan† (What is the difference between Depreciation and Amortization? 2003). Depreciation is charged to tangible assets, whereas amortization is charged to intangible assets. Fixed or tangible assets are those assets of the organization, which last more than one year, for example: furniture, buildings and machinery. Intangible assets are invisible assets that incur cost to the company, in terms of brand recognition, intellectual property and goodwill. Both amortization and depreciation are non cash cost of the industry and they cause reduction in the earning, whereas, on the other hand, they lead to an increase in the cash flow. The reason for recording depreciation as a cost is to increase the early purchase cost of the fixed asset mo re than its useful life. Whenever an industry makes its financial statements, it records a cost of depreciation to assign the loss in price of equipment, machines and other fixed assets it has purchased. On the other hand, unlike other costs, depreciation is a non-cash charge. This means that no money is actually paid at the period in which the expenditure is incurred. The function of depreciation is to match the price of a creative asset to the incomes earned from using the asset. Since it is difficult to observe a direct relation to revenues, the asset’s price is usually assigned to the years in which the property is used. â€Å"Depreciation systematically allocates or moves the asset’s cost from the balance sheet to expense on the income statement over the asset’s useful life. In other words, depreciation is an allocation process in order to achieve the matching principle; it is not a technique for determining the fair market value of the asset† (What is the Purpose of Depreciation, 2004). The International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) states that it is appropriate for plant and machinery to be depreciated and intangible assets to be amortized by employing a revenue-based amortization or depreciation method. A revenue based amortization or depreciation process is one that is derived from the transaction between price and units, and this considers the possible future fluctuations in price as the basis of depreciation distribute the quantity of an asset that is to be amortized or depreciated. Tax benefits are also likely to arise along with depreciation. While depreciation stands for non-cash payments in the income statement, it does decrease the industry’s net income. Lesser net income will result in a lesser tax liability. To expand this benefit, industries frequently utilize an accelerated depreciation process. According to the International Accounting Standards Committee, depreciation is the part of the depreciable p rice of an asset more than its expected useful life. â€Å"Depreciation for the accounting period is charged to income either directly or indirectly. Thus, it is clear from the above definition that depreciation is a loss arising on account of circumstances, some of which are known whereas others are not† (Need Help with Accounting Assignment? 2002). The Internal Revenue Service provides organizations with an

QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

QUESTIONS - Essay Example Organizational system can be termed as a machine since it entails certain inputs such as capital, raw materials and labor. Accordingly, the inputs undergo processing stage in order to provide the outputs that include products and services (Morgan, 2007). The outputs entail preferred organisational culture and employee behaviour. I believe organizational system is a machine since it relies on strict rules, guidelines and procedures and allows for no flexibility in the changes of the processes (Burke, 2011. I have experienced a system breakdown in the past. The breakdown entailed breakdown in communication in the organisation between the management and employees. The scenario entailed high employee grievances, anxiety and stress due to fear of job losses due to changes in the economic operating environment. The slowdown in economic growth and decline in consumption incomes led to a decline in the product demand in the market thus creating a need for restructuring the jobs in the organi sation. In this case, the management proposed layoffs of some employees thus creating anxiety and aggression among the employees. Organizational system provides certain outcomes and circumstances to both the internal and external environment. ... On the other hand, open systems interact with the external environment and adjusts to changes in the external environment such as economic changes, technological innovations, demographic changes and legal changes. Open systems factor the external environment in the planning, resource allocation and evaluation processes. In this regard, open systems will consider the needs of the customers, creditors, trade unions and government in the business activities (Burke, 2011). Organizational system ignores the needs of an individual and focuses on attainment of group goals. In this case, the employees are expected to work in harmony through following standardized practices in order to attain the group objectives. Accordingly, systems ignore the diversity and personality of individual employees and focus efforts on group goals. Conclusion ‘Machine† can be used to describe organizational system since machines have many interrelated parts that work using certain processes to attain standardized and predetermined outputs. Organizational systems follow strict organizational rules and procedures in order to attain the specified outputs. Open systems interact with external environment and attain certain outcomes that satisfy the external stakeholders such as high product quality, adherence to the regulatory environment, technological innovations and better customer service. On the other hand, closed systems only meet the needs of internal stakeholders such as better salaries for employees and stable management practices. References: Burke, W.W. (2011). Organization change: theory and practice. New York: Sage Publications. Morgan, G. (2007). Images of

Evaluating creative writing pieces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating creative writing pieces - Essay Example This remarkably brings to fore the conflict of emotions and the certainty of motivation in the character, which is so human and universal. The dialogue between Karen and Danny systematically unfolds the plot, exhibiting a mix of stability and surprise that the readers are bound to find interesting. The pace of the narrative is steady and terse, managing to gently hold on to the readers’ attention, until it culminates into a pleasant, open ended and a positively relieving climax, with the entry of Peter or possibly someone else. The writer immaculately exhibits a firm and understanding grip over the child psychology. The usage and treatment of dialogue is touchingly sensitive and emphatic. The conflict within the main characters that are Carmen and Sebastian, which stands to be so external in its scope and treatment throughout the text, almost suddenly metamorphoses into a purely internal struggle that between the constrained temporal realities of Carmen and her troubled and versatile imagination. The hallmark of the plot is that instead of relying on elaborate explanations ensuing forth from some omniscient point of view, as is so common to find in such writings, it leans on a systematic and stable development of dialogue to elaborate on the mindset of the main character. The rawness of power struggle between Luis and Carmen is expressed economically and effectively. The climax is gripping, apt and emphatically touching, furnishing a delicate but perpetuating release. In that sense, this piece of creative writing is very masterly and mature. Considering the visible affiliation of this piece to the thriller genre, the writer has to a great extent succeeded in exploiting the so essential elements of suspense, surprise and violence, which are the standard and inevitable trademarks of this discipline. The characterization is effective and apt. The writer has successfully managed to lead the dialogue from an initial simplicity to a

Self-Reliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Reliance - Essay Example Conformity, consistency, and regret are three of the barriers to self-reliance (â€Å"Self-Reliance†). People tend to conform to societal expectations and in an attempt of doing so, lose track of their personal goals and desires. Consistency is stated as a barrier to self-reliance because it deprives an individual of the opportunity to experience new things in life, challenge the beliefs inculcated into him/her by others which is required to make informed decisions, and develop more skills. Consistency is repetition and it is a barrier to creativity and innovation, hence also a barrier to self-reliance. Regret is a barrier to self-reliance because it is regressive in effect and does not make any valuable contribution to an individual’s life. It is good to regret but only to the extent that the individual realizes where he/she has done the mistake so that it can be corrected in the future. Regretting about things that the individual cannot do anything about is not produc tive. I can relate to Emerson’s viewpoint on the barriers to self-reliance. I love meat but in an attempt to conform to the expectations of most members of my family who are true vegetarians and consider it ethically unjustified to eat meat, I have remained a vegetarian going against my nature for a long time. I do physical workout quite often. I have noticed that I need to keep changing the ways I do physical workout in order to maintain my interest in the exercise. The same kind of exercise done repeatedly becomes boring. Likewise, consistency in anything creates the room for boredom. My grandfather died a few years ago. I often regret not having spent much time talking to him while he was alive. This regret and realization has made me more caring and loving toward the elderly. I have used my regret in a constructive way to achieve self-reliance rather than letting it become a barrier to that. Steps I can take to achieve self-reliance include taking measures to remove the barriers to

Evaluating creative writing pieces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluating creative writing pieces - Essay Example This remarkably brings to fore the conflict of emotions and the certainty of motivation in the character, which is so human and universal. The dialogue between Karen and Danny systematically unfolds the plot, exhibiting a mix of stability and surprise that the readers are bound to find interesting. The pace of the narrative is steady and terse, managing to gently hold on to the readers’ attention, until it culminates into a pleasant, open ended and a positively relieving climax, with the entry of Peter or possibly someone else. The writer immaculately exhibits a firm and understanding grip over the child psychology. The usage and treatment of dialogue is touchingly sensitive and emphatic. The conflict within the main characters that are Carmen and Sebastian, which stands to be so external in its scope and treatment throughout the text, almost suddenly metamorphoses into a purely internal struggle that between the constrained temporal realities of Carmen and her troubled and versatile imagination. The hallmark of the plot is that instead of relying on elaborate explanations ensuing forth from some omniscient point of view, as is so common to find in such writings, it leans on a systematic and stable development of dialogue to elaborate on the mindset of the main character. The rawness of power struggle between Luis and Carmen is expressed economically and effectively. The climax is gripping, apt and emphatically touching, furnishing a delicate but perpetuating release. In that sense, this piece of creative writing is very masterly and mature. Considering the visible affiliation of this piece to the thriller genre, the writer has to a great extent succeeded in exploiting the so essential elements of suspense, surprise and violence, which are the standard and inevitable trademarks of this discipline. The characterization is effective and apt. The writer has successfully managed to lead the dialogue from an initial simplicity to a

A particular event in american foreign policy with reference to a Research Paper

A particular event in american foreign policy with reference to a theory presented in class and in the readings - Research Paper Example It is increasingly difficult nowadays to maintain world power as it has proven to US president Barrack Obama in his tenure in the White House (Hook 2011). The whole world had been hit by the economic constrains and US being no exception it also had its problems. It has therefore become increasingly difficult to maintain the army and the rising cost of living in the US (Hook 2011). The Obama administration has dealt with many challenges while trying to accomplish one of its promises to improve on the American Foreign policy. The healthcare debate has been among the domestic debates that have really proven to be a headache to his administration. The American Foreign policy has been criticized for being self centered as it is considered to have emanated from an injured colonial history. The US foreign policy is made by domestic groups which are not considered very right and also due to the possibility of manipulation from the donors it has called for serious screening of the policy (Hook 2011). The US foreign policy actions therefore remain at a risk of being constrained by the media and other groups which have the power in the US.1 This paper will address the policy in details. The past century has seen America rise from being a regional to a world power due to its success in various fields especially in technology. The country was kept safe from global conflicts by the previous presidents who tried to practice global social exception of the Americans. This was the cause of the current problems in global and foreign relations as experienced in America today. US former president James Monroe in 1923 established the Monroe doctrine whose main aim was to separate the United States from Europe. Monroe further declared the European dominance and colonization of the countries in the West a threat to the US national security and vowed to ensure that little interaction would be allowed between the US and

Peer Pressure and Teen Sex Essay Example for Free

Peer Pressure and Teen Sex Essay One in five teens reported having sex before they were 15. One in seven sexually active 14-year-olds also said they have been pregnant. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy 2003 It has long been known that teens are heavily influenced by peer pressure, especially when it comes to sex. The question is not if they are influenced, but how they are affected by peer pressure and what decisions they make as a result. This paper will outline the main issues surrounding this controversial subject with the goal of dispelling popular myths while also providing an understanding of how to most effectively educate teens about this phenomenon so that they will make the best and most informed decisions in whatever circumstances they find themselves. The teenage years are full of changes, from biological transitioning into adulthood to social changes occurring at school and beyond. Peer pressure intensifies during this period as teens begin to become sexually interested and active. According to a project done by the University of Michigan, â€Å"The desire to be popular and fit in is so great, that some people will resort to partaking in behaviors deemed outside of their normal comfort zones, possibly disregarding certain morals and values† (Pressures). The pressure to fit in and to stay ahead of the social vanguard places teens in an awkward and challenging environment because they have scarce background knowledge from which to base their decisions and very few people with whom to discuss these changes with, besides their peers. Teens are very hesitant to approach their parents, teachers and counselors for fear of getting in trouble or for fear of embarrassment and discomfort. In our popular media culture, much of the knowledge teens have about peer pressure and sex comes from the movies and television. This presents another complexity to their already hectic lives as they try to weigh their personal character against the stereotypes and myths laid out through these mediums. Hugely popular movies such as American Pie and Dazed and Confused lead students to believe that having sex is just what people do at this age. While this may in fact be true, the message that teens take away is that everybody is already doing it and that if they want to be cool they will too. According to an article published in Psychology Today, 33% of teens ages 15-17 say they feel pressure to have sex, often from male friends. Interestingly, only 23% of teen girls reported feeling pressure to have sex (Allen). That being said, no matter what kind of peer pressure teens are confronted with, they must figure out how to balance the value of going along with the crowd against the importance of making their own decisions. This is the toughest part for teens to handle because they have so many conflicting emotions and perspectives influencing their behavior. For this reason, innovative approaches to sexual education need to be integrated into the traditional abstinence only education that has proven to be ineffective. Today federal spending on abstinence education, with all funding sources combined, exceeds $1. 2 billion (Lew). This program has failed to include other types of sexual education that would be beneficial to teen’s education because it preaches that the only safe method to having sex is to not have sex. This is of course true, but it is not applicable to our contemporary society. Teens have access to all kinds of sexual information on the internet and through television and movies. This is not to say that all of the information they find is true to life, but it tells teens that the education they are getting in schools about sex is limited and outdated. This is not an engaging or for that matter a useful method of instruction because it ignores issues such as contraceptives and safe sexual practices. Peer pressure begins to take hold and gain force at this juncture as the curiosity of teens is not being met through their formal sexual education. Because of this failure, teens turn to their peers for additional knowledge who in turn are facing their own forms of peer pressure. This creates a cycle of myths surrounding sex. Much of the knowledge peers pass on to each other revolves around either second-hand information or from whatever television show or movie they identify with. From here, clusters of teens, or cliques, form around these myths and interests in a process that creates a certain structure of knowledge based around assumptions and stories as opposed to the facts of research and experience. It is not surprising that teens have sex. It is surprising that school systems continue to form short-sided sexual education programs focusing on abstinence only. If our country wants to improve our sexual health and knowledge, sexual education programs need to diversify their teaching lessons to include contraceptives, sexually-safe practices, and the effects of peer pressure. Works Cited Allen, Collin. (2003). Peer Pressure and Teen Sex. Psychology Today. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/pto-20030522-000002. html Lew, Irene. (2008). Teens Learn to Apply Peer Pressure for Safe Sex. Women’s E-News. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/2988/context/archive Peer Pressure and Emotions. (2008). Cool Kids and Losers: The Psychology of High School Students in Peer Groups and Cliques. The University of Michigan. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from http://sitemaker. umich. edu/356. tran/peer_pressure_and_emotions

Karl Marx Continuation Of The Enlightenment Sociology Essay

Karl Marx Continuation Of The Enlightenment Sociology Essay Karl Marx is regarded as one of the classics of sociology. His social thought, considered one of the most important social theories, was a humanistic theory, concentrated on the condition of society and a place of individual in social structure. Marx is known as one of the greatest ideologists of the nineteen century. His political theory was revolutionary. As a sociologist though, he is regarded to be a great heir of Enlightenment  [1]  , using and developing key concepts of the eighteen century thinkers. This paper is aimed to discuss Karl Marx theory in comparison to the Enlightenment philosophy. I will try to answer a question: to what extend Marx work inherited from the Enlightenment thinkers? In order to that I will discuss the key concepts of the Enlightenment that were further developed in Marxs works. In the following part of the paper I will compare the ideas of the eighteen century thinkers with Marx theory, in regard to notions of progress, social structure, religion, science, materialism, state and individualism. Social development, progress and social change The theory of social development and progress was the key concept of the Enlightenment  [2]  . The experience of Renaissance recovery from the dark ages, rediscovery of antique philosophy, the expansion of colonialism and exploration of non-European cultures, violated established order and lead to expansion of new ideas doubting tradition. The Enlightenment recognized that human history changes and that societies experience material and mental, moral or philosophical progress. It became clear, that modernity is just another stage of development, that does not lead the end of history, but might be as well a beginning of some better, new society. Eighteen century thinkers considered reason as the leading force of change, believing, that human knowledge and consciousness may develop linearly. Since the Enlightenment was an age of science and reason, philosophers tend to classify and order possessed knowledge. That lead to a few theories of historical stages development of societies that arranged historical periods in progressive order  [3]  . Marx inherited from the Enlightenment that linear and deterministic perspective on development of societies, building his theory on the idea of progress. In his works he wrote about successive stages of development of societies: primitive society, feudalism, capitalism (bourgeois formation), socialism and communism. He abandoned the concept of reason as the leading force of progress, though. For Marx the key force of development was ownership and mode of production emerging from it. HeEach of the stages presented different social relations, policies, politics and consciousness all of which resulting from economic relations. The mode of production representing each of historical formation of society was regarded as a base, and resulted in different superstructures culture, religion and politics. Every stage of history was more complex than another and lead to the next one. For Marx it meant that the history of all societies is inevitable and must lead through the same phases. The Enlightenments attachment to the notion of progressive development of societies lead to the ideas of future utopia final, goal stage of social evolution. It was a very optimistic concept of history, beginning in dark, oppressive periods of the past, through ambiguous and chaotic modernity, leading to some enlighten, better and just future. Such utopian vision was described by Condorcet, for whom future society would prevail tyranny by changing tradition and superstition into reason  [4]  . Delany wrote of the Enlightenment as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦characterized by a certain utopianism, which was a reflection of the belief in the promises of modernity to bring about freedom. Unlike earlier social thought, it displayed a great belief in the power of human action to shape the future  [5]  . The same was true for Marx, who saw communism as the perfect and most of all just, social system. For Marx the end stage of human history communism represented the most desired and final pha se of human development. As Sideman wrote: Marx never gave up his Enlightenment faith in the coming of a new era  [6]  . But contrary to the Enlightenment philosophers, for Marx, the utopia was not to be obtained through evolution and development of reason, but through revolution of working class. The idea of revolution was not present in eighteen century before the experience of French revolution. Though it is sad, that the Enlightenment prepared the ground for the revolt in France, works of eighteen century thinkers did not appeal to force or violent change. Marx shared the romantic vision of revolution with socialist thinkers and activists supporting French strife. Moreover, unlike his eighteen century ancestors, Marx sought emancipation in proletariat the working class of modernity. The Enlightenment was an age of intellectuals, giving special role to philosophers in the process of development of society  [7]  . In eighteen century thought, reason had the emancipatory force. Marx violent vision of revolution did not reserved place for intellectuals, though Marx was one of them. Social structure The Enlightenment was a period of a great expansion of egalitarian theories. The idea of natural laws developed and notion of equality had spread. Eighteen century philosophers attempted to find and describe origins of social order as well as discover best social conditions to maintain and expand individual freedom. Especially the latter freedom, understood as unconstrained development and expansion of reason was an important issue in the theory of state and governance. The Enlightenment cherished the idea of liberated individual in the society free from state, church and other collective forms of organizations. To reconcile the concepts of state and freedom, the idea of civil society was developed. Individuals became citizens residents of a state that had their natural, internal rights, individuals who through that civil rights gained freedom. Though human beings were not equal, especially because of different kinds and sizes of ownership, they had the potential of equality inte rnalized through their natural, inalienable rights. For Marx idea of equality was a goal of the development of societies. Contemporary social structure was far from egalitarian one. To describe social structure Marx used a concept of class as sets of people or parts of society that differ by the effective control over the means of production and property ownership  [8]  . The class designated people who lived in similar conditions. For bourgeois stage of development social structure was basically dichotomous, consisting of two classes owners (capitalists) and workers. Since individuals within one class shared alike economic positions they also shared the same interests. Individuals from different classes, on the other hand, remained in permanent conflict as they interests were opposite. For in Marx theory class structure is a structure of permanent class-conflict. As E.C. Cuff and others expressed it: Since the inequality between the owning class and the labouring class is not simply an economic one, narrowly defined, but involv es a social relationship of power and control, the difference of interest between these classes refers to freedom and further: The conflict of interest between owning and labouring classes is, then, a conflict over power and freedom.  [9]  Once again Marx theory rejected peaceful and optimistic assumptions of the Enlightenment. Ideologies and religion The end of the Middle Ages ended the era of gods laws and theological explanation of social order. The Enlightenment separated religion from politics. Eighteen century brought to life the concept of public private spheres. Religion became private matter of citizens. Gods rights no longer decided on political questions and social relations. Secular society was based on secular rules. The Enlightenment believed in reason and science, and through them sought emancipation from religion and superstition. Social change required that cultural traditions be weakened to allow for new ideas and attitudes favoring social progress  [10]  . Religion and tradition constrained social change and overruled the utopian vision of future. It does not mean that the Enlightenment was a truly secular era. Rejection of religion covered only public, political sphere. None of the great philosophers of the period Becon, Diderot, Locke postulated atheism  [11]  . The issue was to separate religion fr om science, theology from logical reasoning. Religion intruded cognition, so had to be abandoned in the sphere of knowledge. Marx also shared with the Enlightenment the concept of secular society, though he brought the idea of secularization further. For Marx every ideology and meta-narration of society, in every stage of its development, was a product of current economic relations, and so was religion. Religion internalized rules, regulations and prohibitions served justification of the conditions of production and hence, the justification of exploitation. In this sense religion was a mechanism of oppression. It was no longer a private issue, but a political one, that justified bourgeois order. As in the eighteen century religion obstructed change, but this time, though, it was not suppose to be withdraw from public life, but destroyed absolutely. That is why, according to Marx, emancipation not only required rejection of theological order of the world, but also complete rejection of religion. Once again this emancipation required revolution dramatic and sudden change of economic conditions that would change social relations, including execution of religion. The role of science The Enlightenment was the era of development of sciences. A great expand of sciences such as mathematics, medicine, natural sciences changed the view of modern philosophers on the world and human kind. Science revealed mystery of existence and the order of nature. That is why science became one of the ways to obtain individual freedom. Eighteen century philosophers presumed that one day science will lead to discovery of logical, rational order of human and societal relations. For Marx science also had an important role in revealing the rules of organization of society. Marx knew that in order to change, it is necessary to understand the social forces institutions, cultural traditions, social groups  [12]  . In Marx theory science held the explanatory role by revealing the real nature of social order, gave information about social classes, modes of production and rules of historical development. According to Marx, science should be based on rational assumptions and logical laws, it should reject common sense and superstitions. When discussing the role of science in Marx theory, his contribution to scientific methods is worth mention. The Enlightenment admired achievements of modern mathematics and physicists, especially those of Newton. Philosophers were dreaming of finding scientific method, similar to methods used in physics and mathematics, to investigate and describe social world. Modern thinkers presumed that since the complex world of nature can be characterized through clear rules and patterns of numbers, the same can be done with human environment. Marx sought different path of inquiry. His scientific method characterized as historicism  [13]  postulated investigation on every social phenomena in their historical context. Marx claimed that all individuals and their actions are embedded in broader setting, since none human being exists separated from his environment. Moreover he posed the question of a researcher as a social actor, entangled in social reality beside investigated objects. Marx claimed that scientist shares common consciousness to the same degree as all other members of society. True scientific method required from the researcher detachment from false, superstition knowledge embedded on the surface of social life  [14]  . Here again Marx expressed belief in reason and logic, similarly to his eighteen century ancestors. Economic perspective Though Marx theory shares materialistic perspective, he was not the one to introduce economic interpretation of social life. Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and others eighteen century thinkers saw the leading role of economy in social life. Those early economists wrote about dehumanization of work and disintegration of society through modern specialization of production and technical development of the production process  [15]  . Industrial revolution of eighteen century brought to light new phenomena that were not overlooked by present-day thinkers. Negative effects of industrialization, demographic explosion and urbanization were thoroughly discussed by that time. As we can see, the importance of material conditions for human individual and collective life was not the Marx invention, though he also observed that technology destroys social relations. According to him, innovations, machines and devices used in the process of production serve the dominant class for exploitation of workers  [16]  . Nevertheless, with his materialistic view on society, Marx went further with the idea, claiming that: the reproduction of material life precedes the production of culture  [17]  . For Marx material conditions of existence were the basis for all other characteristics of life. In this concept, living conditions determined social structure, policies, rules and morality. Marx showed that certain social conditions shape certain forms of consciousness. That was a great contribution of Marx thought to social sciences. Since Marx, social scientists began research on the role of material conditions on human thoughts, believes and attitudes, giving a star t to many disciplines of social sciences, as sociology of thought, sociology of knowledge or sociology of religion  [18]  . Moreover, since then, social scientists considered development process and ownership relations of societies as some of the most important criteria of social studies analysis. The concept of state Eighteen century philosophy was critical towards the old order or regime. The Enlightenment developed several state theories  [19]  , all connected with the concept of social contract. Hobbes, claimed that the states are made on the basis of common agreement in which citizens give their rights to absolute power. John Locke postulated conception of liberal state based on tolerance, private ownership and freedom of economic action. In this conception it was not the absolute ruler but society that hold the power. Kannt, on the other hand, proposed peaceful republican regime of federation of states. Finally Rousseau wrote about egalitarian regime of equal chances, conditions and rights of citizens. All the eighteen century concepts of authority were positive ones, assuming rationality of power and universality of interests. Marx concept of the state was not the optimistic one. In his works state power had class character  [20]  . Regime authority served class interest of dominant group of society capitalists, through organized violence towards the suppressed class. There was no possibility to gain freedom through or within the state. Unlike the eighteen century theories, Marx project of desirable future assumed abolishment of the bureaucratic, oppressive, class regime. Decomposition of the state should be accomplished through a proletariat revolution that would lead to class-free society of common owners. Individualism and collective action In earlier philosophy, the status of human being in society was constant and determined, not by human himself, but by external forces the world order, gods will, some kind of justice and internal sense of social existence. Enlightenment and especially the French revolution, brought the idea of civil society and civil rights  [21]  . The Enlightenment claimed that all human beings share some common characteristics that are independent of external, historical or natural conditions. It was the kind of individualism, that claimed that human nature in general have some common qualities inherited from the state of nature. That is what makes society egalitarian differences between human status in society are merely secondary, in a sense that all (male) human beings are equal and share the same civic rights. Emancipation in this context was a political emancipation of citizens from feudal, traditional relations. Marx connected human position in social structure with material conditions and idea of work and ownership. For him the idea of society was not based on the idea of civil rights, but on the idea of economic relations between different social groups classes. It was dichotomous vision of society made of workers and capitalists the owners of means of production. Emancipation was possible not on the basis of civil rights, but on the basis of changing economic relations. This was a revolutionary perspective, leading to turnover of social order. Unlike the Enlightenment, Marx did not perceived emancipation and concept of freedom in individual actions. He clearly rejected individualism both in terms of individual social actions and as the method of inference about human conditions. Marx claimed that every individual is rooted in his collective history and society, and his consciousness, as well as beliefs, goals and needs are shaped through that heritage. That is why not only analysis of human conditions, but also the projected change of social relations, has to take into consideration collective baggage and collective effort. Conclusions As we can see, Marx benefited much from the Enlightenment philosophy, though we have to keep in mind, that issues presented in this paper are merely examples of eighteen century tradition in Marx thought. Marx indeed was a child of the Enlightenment in a sense, that he took form that tradition in different ways, sometimes directly, sometimes developing further ideas and sometimes criticizing and negating the eighteen century thought. This heritage however seems somehow natural, since we cannot abandon of our history and are always influenced by previous discourses. What we have to remember about is, that eighteen century tradition does not exhaust Marx thought but merely enriches and embeds it in historical context.